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. A weapon, arm or armament is any device that can be used with intent to inflict damage or harm. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as,. In broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary or enemy target. While ordinary objects such as sticks, stones, cars, or pencils can be used as weapons, many are expressly designed for the purpose – ranging from simple implements such as, and, to complicated modern, weapons.
Something that has been re-purposed, converted, or enhanced to become a weapon of war is termed weaponized, such as a. An array of artifacts, including, heads, and polishing tools. The use of objects as weapons has been observed among, leading to speculation that early used weapons as early as five million years ago.
However, this can not be confirmed using physical evidence because wooden clubs, spears, and unshaped stones would have left an ambiguous record. The earliest unambiguous weapons to be found are the, eight wooden throwing spears dating back more than 300,000 years. At the site of Nataruk in Turkana, Kenya, numerous human skeletons dating to 10,000 years ago may present evidence of traumatic injuries to the head, neck, ribs, knees and hands, including projectiles embedded in the bones that might have been caused from arrows and clubs during conflict between two hunter-gatherer groups. But the evidence interpretation of warfare at Nataruk has been challenged.
Ancient history. A four-wheeled drawn by armored horses, c. The earliest were evolutionary improvements of late implements, but significant improvements in materials and crafting techniques led to a series of revolutions in. The development of metal tools began with during the (about 3,300 BC) and was followed by the Age, leading to the creation of the and similar weapons.
During the Bronze Age, the first defensive structures and appeared as well, indicating an increased need for security. Weapons designed to breach fortifications followed soon after, such as the, which was in use by 2500 BC. The development of around 1300 BC in Greece had an important impact on the development of ancient weapons. It was not the introduction of early, however, as they were not superior to their bronze predecessors, but rather the and widespread use of wheels by c. This led to the creation of the light, horse-drawn, whose improved mobility proved important during this era. Spoke-wheeled chariot usage peaked around 1300 BC and then declined, ceasing to be militarily relevant by the 4th century BC.
Developed once horses were bred to support the weight of a human. The horse extended the range and increased the speed of attacks. In addition to land based weaponry, such as the, were in use by the 7th century BC.
Post-classical history. Ancient Chinese displayed in the. European warfare during the was dominated by elite groups of supported by massed (both in combat and ranged roles). They were involved in mobile combat and which involved various and tactics. Knights on horseback developed tactics for charging with providing an impact on the enemy formations and then drawing more practical weapons (such as ) once they entered into the melee. By contrast, infantry, in the age before structured formations, relied on cheap, sturdy weapons such as and billhooks in close combat and from a distance.
As armies became more professional, their equipment was standardized and infantry transitioned to. Pikes are normally seven to eight feet in length, and used in conjunction with smaller side-arms (short sword). In Eastern and warfare, similar tactics were developed independent of European influences. The introduction of from the Asia at the end of this period revolutionized warfare. Formations of, protected by came to dominate open battles, and the replaced the as the dominant. Modern history Early modern The European marked the beginning of the implementation of firearms in western warfare. And were introduced to the battlefield.
Are qualitatively different from earlier weapons because they release energy from combustible such as, rather than from a counter-weight or spring. This energy is released very rapidly and can be replicated without much effort by the user. Therefore even early firearms such as the were much more than human-powered weapons.
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Firearms became increasingly important and effective during the 16th century to 19th century, with progressive improvements in followed by revolutionary changes in handling and propellant. During the new applications of firearms including the and emerged that would still be recognizable and useful military weapons today, particularly in. In the 19th century propulsion changed from power to -powered. The is used as both and, when attached to a rifle, a. Since the mid-18th century North American French-Indian war through the beginning of the 20th century, human-powered weapons were reduced from the primary weaponry of the battlefield yielding to gunpowder-based weaponry.
Sometimes referred to as the 'Age of Rifles', this period was characterized by the development of firearms for infantry and cannons for support, as well as the beginnings of mechanized weapons such as the. Of particular note, were able to destroy masonry fortresses and other fortifications, and this single invention caused a (RMA), establishing tactics and doctrine that are still in use today. See for a detailed discussion. Late modern.
(produced in Czech Republic). An important feature of warfare was – innovations were rapidly matched through replication or countered by another innovation. The (WW I) was profound, including the wide introduction of into, and naval warfare with the introduction of. Marked the entry of fully industrialized warfare as well as ( e.g., and ), and new weapons were developed quickly to meet wartime needs.
Above all, it promised to the military commanders the independence from the and the resurgence in through extensive use of motor vehicles. The changes that these underwent before and during the were evolutionary, but defined the development for the rest of the century. This period of innovation in weapon design continued in the inter-war period (between WW I and ) with continuous evolution of weapon systems by all major industrial powers. Many modern military weapons, particularly ground-based ones, are relatively minor improvements of weapon systems developed during. See for a detailed discussion. However, perhaps marked the most frantic period of weapons development in the history of humanity.
Massive numbers of new designs and concepts were fielded, and all existing technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945. The most powerful weapon invented during this period was the, however many other weapons influenced the world in ways overshadowed by the importance of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons. Main article: Since the realization of (MAD), the nuclear option of all-out war is no longer considered a survivable scenario. During the in the years following, both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a.
Each country and their allies continually attempted to out-develop each other in the field of nuclear armaments. Once the joint technological capabilities reached the point of being able to ensure the destruction of the Earth x100 fold, then a new tactic had to be developed. With this realization, armaments development funding shifted back to primarily sponsoring the development of conventional arms technologies for support of rather than. During the late 2010s, tensions between the West and the East escalate as nuclear-based issues arise. Such event has been since dubbed as.
Types By user – what person or unit uses the weapon. (or ) – designed to be used by a single person. – 'man-portable' weapons that may require a small team to operate.
Heavy weapons – and similar weapons larger than light weapons (see ). – used by hunters for sport or getting food. – larger than personal weapons, requiring two or more people to operate correctly. – mounted in a permanent installation, or used primarily within a fortification. – for use by mountain forces or those operating in difficult terrain.
– to be mounted on any type of. – designed to be mounted on railway cars, including armored trains. – carried on and used by some type of, or other aerial vehicle. – mounted on. – are designed to be used in or launched from space. – are capable of accomplishing a mission with limited or no human intervention. By function – the construction of the weapon and principle of operation.
(theoretical) would combine matter and to cause a powerful explosion. weapons operate by using a tensioned string and bent solid to launch a projectile.
are firearms capable of launching heavy projectiles over long distances. spread biological agents, causing disease or infection., poisoning and causing reactions. rely on concentrating forms of energy to attack, such as lasers or sonic attack. use a physical explosion to create blast concussion or spread. use a chemical charge to launch projectiles. are common objects, reused as weapons, such as crowbars and kitchen knives.
cause damage by fire. are designed to subdue without killing. use magnetic fields to propel projectiles, or to focus particle beams. operate as physical extensions of the user's body and directly impact a close target., designed to pierce through flesh and cause bleeding., designed to break bones, concuss or produce.
are rockets which are guided to their target after launch. (Also a general term for weapons)., designed to over a battlefield, striking once a target is located. use radioactive materials to create and/or detonations. make little or no use of technological or industrial elements. (unlike ), target a distant object or person. use chemical propellant to accelerate a projectile.
exploit the willingness of their operator not surviving the attack. By target – the type of target the weapon is designed to attack. weapons target missiles and aerial vehicles in flight. are designed to target enemy installations. are designed to attack people, either individually or in numbers. weapons target sources of electronic radiation, particularly radar emitters.
target orbiting satellites. target ships and vessels on water. target submarines and other underwater targets. are designed to defeat armored targets. target territory, making it unsafe or unsuitable for enemy use or travel. are weapons used to hunt.
are designed to attack various threats to infantry units. Manufacture of weapons. Main article: The arms industry is a global industry that involves the sales and manufacture of weaponry. It consists of a involved in the, production, and servicing of material, equipment, and facilities.
Many have a domestic arms-industry to supply their own military forces - and some also have a substantial trade in weapons for use by its citizens, for self-defence, hunting or sporting purposes. Contracts to supply a given country's military are awarded by governments, making arms contracts of substantial political importance. The link between politics and the arms trade can result in the development a ', where the armed forces, commerce, and politics become closely linked. Legislation The production, possession, trade and use of many weapons are controlled.
This may be at a or level, or international treaty. Examples of such controls include. Main article: All countries have laws and policies regulating aspects such as the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification and use of small arms by civilians.
Countries which regulate access to firearms will typically restrict access to certain categories of firearms and then restrict the categories of persons who may be granted a license for access to such firearms. There may be separate licenses for hunting, sport shooting (a.k.a. Target shooting), self-defense, collecting, and concealed carry, with different sets of requirements, permissions, and responsibilities. Arms control laws. Main article: Arms trafficking is the trafficking of contraband weapons. What constitutes legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national laws. Lifecycle problems There are a number of issue around the potential ongoing risks from deployed weapons, the safe storage of weapons, and their eventual disposal when no longer effective or safe.
of unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs, landmines and chemical weapons has been common practice by many nations, and often caused hazards. (UXO) are bombs, land mines and naval mines and similar that did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk for many years or decades.
or mine clearance from areas of past conflict is a difficult process, but every year, landmines kill 15,000 to 20,000 people and severely maim countless more. was a serious concern after the fall of the Soviet Union, with the prospect of 'loose nukes' being available. While this risk may have receded, similar situation may arise in the future. In science fiction.
Main article: Strange and exotic weapons are a recurring feature or theme in. In some cases, weapons first introduced in science fiction have now been made a reality. Other science fiction weapons remain purely fictional, and are often beyond the realms of known physical possibility. At its most prosaic, science fiction features an endless variety of, mostly variations on real weapons such as.
Among the best-known of these are the used in the television series, films and novels and the and featured in the movies, comics, novels and TV series. In addition to adding action and entertainment value, weaponry in science fiction sometimes become themes when they touch on deeper concerns, often motivated by contemporary issues. One example is science fiction that deals with. See also.